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Instron Homepage » Testing Solutions » By Test Type » Simple Cyclic » Sports Balls

Dynamic Investigation on the Influence of Inflation Pressure in Sports Balls

Company

  • Sports Technology Institute - Loughborough University

Materials

  • Components

Business Sector

  • Academic
  • Consumer/Industrial Products

Test Types

  • Simple Cyclic

Specimen

  • Component
Contact UsView Accessories Catalog
ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Machine Setup
ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Pressure Effects
ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Energy absorption
  • ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Machine Setup
  • ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Pressure Effects
  • ElectroPuls Dynamic Sports Ball or BasketBall Testing – Energy absorption
  • Description
  • Literature
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In the dynamic arena of sports technology and engineering, engineers pay special attention to the energy stored and lost in equipment. Inflatable (and solid) balls are often governed by a coefficient of restitution that describes the interaction between the ball and a rigid plate. Proper dynamic characteristics are achieved by careful selection of materials, construction, and inflation pressure. After the ball leaves the factory, materials and construction remain relatively consistent, but the internal pressure is left up to the discretion of the athlete, who receives only a recommendation. A study was conducted to observe the relationship between over- and under-pressurization and energy loss at various levels of deformation.

An ElectroPuls™ E3000, fitted with light-weight compression plates, was used to compress entire balls. During the study, many different types of balls were tested (football, volleyball, futsol, netball, volleyball, rhythmic gymnastics), and the results from a basketball are presented here. Each ball was compressed cyclically at a constant frequency with a 5 mm amplitude around mean levels of initial displacement that we subsequently increased by 5 mm increments. The motion was prescribed with digital encoder control within WaveMatrix™ Dynamic Testing Software. Each ball was tested at three pressures:

  • The ‘nominal’ pressure was at the middle of the range specified on the ball
  • Under-pressure was 25 % lower than the nominal
  • Over-pressure balls was 25 % above the nominal

Force-displacement curves were taken from the final cycle (20th) at each initial displacement. The difference between the numerically integrated loading and unloading curves gave the energy lost in each compression cycle. The graph presented shows the ratio of the energy lost to the energy introduced to the system in the various cycles. The larger of the bars indicate higher relative energy loss.

The properly inflated ball, represented by the green bars, loses the least amount of energy of the three pressurizations tested. The higher energy loss of the under-inflated ball may be attributed to the interplay between bending and spherical in-plane deformations (hoop strains) of the panels. At high pressures, the ball is essentially pre-loaded and the panels experience a higher range of strains, maybe departing the elastic zone. With hyperelastic materials, it is no surprise that more energy is lost at higher strains. Full-ball dynamic compression tests provide insight on the role of internal pressure in sports balls. Quick studies like this help quantify global ball behavior and suggest new areas of further research.

ElectroPuls™ Electrodynamic Test Instruments

ElectroPuls instruments are state-of-the-art electrodynamic test systems for dynamic and static tests on materials & components. Powered entirely from a single-phase mains supply, they feature the latest in testing technology and a host of other user-oriented features.

  • Products
  • 4/24/2013
  • 1.7 MB

ElectroPuls™ E1000 All-Electric Dynamic Test Instrument

The ElectroPulsTM E1000 is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamic and static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanced digital control electronics, DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testing technology – hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crosshead lifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups, and a host of other user-orientated features. Powered from a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (for example, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).

  • Products
  • 3/3/2017
  • 0.7 MB

ElectroPuls™ E3000 All-Electric Dynamic Test Instrument

The ElectroPulsTM E3000 is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamic and static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanced digital control electronics, DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testing technology–hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crosshead lifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups and a host of other user-orientated features. Powered from a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (for example, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).

  • Products
  • 3/3/2017
  • 0.7 MB

ElectroPuls E10000 All-Electric Dynamic Test Instrument

The ElectroPulsTM E10000 is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamic and static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanced digital control electronics, DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testing technology – hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crosshead lifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups and a host of other user-orientated features. Powered from a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (for example, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).

  • Products
  • 3/3/2017
  • 0.7 MB

ElectroPuls™ E10000 Linear-Torsion All-Electric Dynamic Test Instrument

The ElectroPulsTM E10000 Linear-Torsion is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamic and static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanced digital control electronics, bi-axial DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testing technology – hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crosshead lifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups and a host of other user-orientated features. Powered from a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (for example, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).

  • Products
  • 3/7/2017
  • 0.6 MB

WaveMatrix™ Brochure

WaveMatrix™ is intelligent software designed for fatigue and dynamic testing of materials and components. It delivers flexibility - run everything from a simple static ramp, to cyclic waveforms through to complex multi-step, multi-axial tests The highly visual environment with integrated tabular screens, clear menu structures, time-based matrix test preview and configurable live test workspace is designed to be intuitive and instill confidence. Packed with intelligent features, such as data reduction and built-in project organization, designed to simplify your testing.

  • Products
  • 2/2/2011
  • 1.0 MB

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